Effect of protein and lipids levels in a growth diet on adult whitebait Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns 1842) / Efeito dos níveis de proteína e lipídio em uma dieta de crescimento em whitebait Galaxias maculatus adulto (Jenyns 1842)

Abstract Galaxias maculatus aquaculture objectives is to produce millions of eggs. Wild females are small (2 g), have quick sexual maturity and low mean fecundity (500 eggs/female), requiring larger fishes with higher fecundity. This study aim is to evaluate experimentally the effect of the levels of protein, lipid and dietary energy on weight increases in adults. Five independent experiments were performed at different sequential time periods at the UCT hatchery, Chile. Specimens were obtained from a) Crystalline sea return specimen catches in the Tolten estuary (4 -6 cm, 0.3-0.4 g.). b) Hatchery cultured fish. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum. In experiments 1 to 4, pelleted diets were prepared with 3 to 5 levels of protein (treatments 27 up to 57%), crumble size, three 100 L fibre ponds replicates. In experiment 5 the effect of two lipid levels (8 and 21%) was evaluated with commercial extruded Salmon Nutra Starter isoproteic crumble 1 diet at 63%, replicated in 4 ponds. The results show: A tendency to increased weight in all sizes with an increased protein level in the pelleted diet.A maximal adult growth is obtained with a diet containing a minimum of 37% crude protein, with 40% the optimal value. A higher % protein in the diet or growth in weight lower feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio in the extruded diet reaches up to 0.5 and in the pelleted vary from 0.7 to 1.5. Fish 0.6 g fed with 63% protein, extruded commercial diet with two different lipid levels (8 and 21%, 20.40 and 23.84 MJ kg-1, PE/TE 0.62 and 0.71) increased weight the first month 67 and 105% each. It has been established that high-energy diets with optimal levels of protein and lipid are a good short-term solution to obtain G. maculatus of higher weight.

Resumo O objetivo da aquicultura de Galaxias maculatus é produzir milhões de ovos. As fêmeas selvagens são pequenas (2 g) e têm maturidade sexual rápida e fecundidade média baixa (500 ovos/fêmea), necessitando de peixes maiores e com fecundidade superior. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar experimentalmente o efeito dos níveis de proteínas, lipídios e energia da dieta sobre o aumento de peso em adultos. Cinco experimentos independentes foram realizados em diferentes períodos sequenciais de tempo no incubatório UCT, Chile. Os espécimes foram obtidos a partir de: a) capturas de espécimes de retorno do mar cristalino no estuário de Tolten (4-6 cm, 0,3-0,4 g); b) peixes de cultura em incubatório. Os peixes foram alimentados à mão ad libitum. Nos experimentos de 1 a 4, dietas peletizadas foram preparadas com três a cinco níveis de proteína (tratamentos 27 a 57%), tamanho do crumble, três repetições de tanques de fibra de 100 L. No experimento 5, o efeito de dois níveis de lipídios (8 e 21%) foi avaliado com dieta comercial isoproteica crumble 1 de Salmon Nutra Starter extrusada a 63%, replicada em quatro tanques. Os resultados mostram: uma tendência ao aumento de peso em todos os tamanhos, com um aumento do nível de proteína na dieta peletizada; um crescimento adulto máximo com uma dieta contendo um mínimo de 37% de proteína bruta, com 40% do valor ideal; uma porcentagem maior de proteína na dieta ou crescimento em peso com menor taxa de conversão alimentar. A taxa de conversão alimentar na dieta extrusada chega a 0,5, e na peletizada varia de 0,7 a 1,5. Peixes de 0,6 g alimentados com 63% de proteína e dieta comercial extrusada com dois níveis lipídicos diferentes (8 e 21%; 20,40 e 23,84 MJ kg-1; PE / TE 0,62 e 0,71) aumentaram de peso no primeiro mês em 67 e 105% cada, respectivamente. Foi estabelecido que dietas de alta energia com níveis ótimos de proteínas e lipídios são uma boa solução de curto prazo para obter G. maculatus de peso mais alto.

Effect of protein and lipids levels in a growth diet on adult whitebait Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns 1842) / Efeito dos níveis de proteína e lipídio em uma dieta de crescimento em whitebait Galaxias maculatus adulto (Jenyns 1842)

Galaxias maculatus aquaculture objectives is to produce millions of eggs. Wild females are small (2 g), have quick sexual maturity and low mean fecundity (500 eggs/female), requiring larger fishes with higher fecundity. This study aim is to evaluate experimentally the effect of the levels of protein, lipid and dietary energy on weight increases in adults. Five independent experiments were performed at different sequential time periods at the UCT hatchery, Chile. Specimens were obtained from a) Crystalline sea return specimen catches in the Tolten estuary (4 -6 cm, 0.3-0.4 g.). b) Hatchery cultured fish. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum. In experiments 1 to 4, pelleted diets were prepared with 3 to 5 levels of protein (treatments 27 up to 57%), crumble size, three 100 L fibre ponds replicates. In experiment 5 the effect of two lipid levels (8 and 21%) was evaluated with commercial extruded Salmon Nutra Starter isoproteic crumble 1 diet at 63%, replicated in 4 ponds. The results show: A tendency to increased weight in all sizes with an increased protein level in the pelleted diet.A maximal adult growth is obtained with a diet containing a minimum of 37% crude protein, with 40% the optimal value. A higher % protein in the diet or growth in weight lower feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio in the extruded diet reaches up to 0.5 and in the pelleted vary from 0.7 to 1.5. Fish 0.6 g fed with 63% protein, extruded commercial diet with two different lipid levels (8 and 21%, 20.40 and 23.84 MJ kg-1, PE/TE 0.62 and 0.71) increased weight the first month 67 and 105% each. It has been established that high-energy diets with optimal levels of protein and lipid are a good short-term solution to obtain G. maculatus of higher weight.

O objetivo da aquicultura de Galaxias maculatus é produzir milhões de ovos. As fêmeas selvagens são pequenas (2 g) e têm maturidade sexual rápida e fecundidade média baixa (500 ovos/fêmea), necessitando de peixes maiores e com fecundidade superior. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar experimentalmente o efeito dos níveis de proteínas, lipídios e energia da dieta sobre o aumento de peso em adultos. Cinco experimentos independentes foram realizados em diferentes períodos sequenciais de tempo no incubatório UCT, Chile. Os espécimes foram obtidos a partir de: a) capturas de espécimes de retorno do mar cristalino no estuário de Tolten (4-6 cm, 0,3-0,4 g); b) peixes de cultura em incubatório. Os peixes foram alimentados à mão ad libitum. Nos experimentos de 1 a 4, dietas peletizadas foram preparadas com três a cinco níveis de proteína (tratamentos 27 a 57%), tamanho do crumble, três repetições de tanques de fibra de 100 L. No experimento 5, o efeito de dois níveis de lipídios (8 e 21%) foi avaliado com dieta comercial isoproteica crumble 1 de Salmon Nutra Starter extrusada a 63%, replicada em quatro tanques. Os resultados mostram: uma tendência ao aumento de peso em todos os tamanhos, com um aumento do nível de proteína na dieta peletizada; um crescimento adulto máximo com uma dieta contendo um mínimo de 37% de proteína bruta, com 40% do valor ideal; uma porcentagem maior de proteína na dieta ou crescimento em peso com menor taxa de conversão alimentar. A taxa de conversão alimentar na dieta extrusada chega a 0,5, e na peletizada varia de 0,7 a 1,5. Peixes de 0,6 g alimentados com 63% de proteína e dieta comercial extrusada com dois níveis lipídicos diferentes (8 e 21%; 20,40 e 23,84 MJ kg-1; PE / TE 0,62 e 0,71) aumentaram de peso no primeiro mês em 67 e 105% cada, respectivamente. Foi estabelecido que dietas de alta energia com níveis ótimos de proteínas e lipídios são uma boa solução de curto prazo para obter G. maculatus de peso mais alto.

Effect of protein and lipids levels in a growth diet on adult whitebait Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns 1842)

Abstract Galaxias maculatus aquaculture objectives is to produce millions of eggs. Wild females are small (2 g), have quick sexual maturity and low mean fecundity (500 eggs/female), requiring larger fishes with higher fecundity. This study aim is to evaluate experimentally the effect of the levels of protein, lipid and dietary energy on weight increases in adults. Five independent experiments were performed at different sequential time periods at the UCT hatchery, Chile. Specimens were obtained from a) Crystalline sea return specimen catches in the Tolten estuary (4 -6 cm, 0.3-0.4 g.). b) Hatchery cultured fish. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum. In experiments 1 to 4, pelleted diets were prepared with 3 to 5 levels of protein (treatments 27 up to 57%), crumble size, three 100 L fibre ponds replicates. In experiment 5 the effect of two lipid levels (8 and 21%) was evaluated with commercial extruded Salmon Nutra Starter isoproteic crumble 1 diet at 63%, replicated in 4 ponds. The results show: A tendency to increased weight in all sizes with an increased protein level in the pelleted diet.A maximal adult growth is obtained with a diet containing a minimum of 37% crude protein, with 40% the optimal value. A higher % protein in the diet or growth in weight lower feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio in the extruded diet reaches up to 0.5 and in the pelleted vary from 0.7 to 1.5. Fish 0.6 g fed with 63% protein, extruded commercial diet with two different lipid levels (8 and 21%, 20.40 and 23.84 MJ kg-1, PE/TE 0.62 and 0.71) increased weight the first month 67 and 105% each. It has been established that high-energy diets with optimal levels of protein and lipid are a good short-term solution to obtain G. maculatus of higher weight.

Resumo O objetivo da aquicultura de Galaxias maculatus é produzir milhões de ovos. As fêmeas selvagens são pequenas (2 g) e têm maturidade sexual rápida e fecundidade média baixa (500 ovos/fêmea), necessitando de peixes maiores e com fecundidade superior. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar experimentalmente o efeito dos níveis de proteínas, lipídios e energia da dieta sobre o aumento de peso em adultos. Cinco experimentos independentes foram realizados em diferentes períodos sequenciais de tempo no incubatório UCT, Chile. Os espécimes foram obtidos a partir de: a) capturas de espécimes de retorno do mar cristalino no estuário de Tolten (4-6 cm, 0,3-0,4 g); b) peixes de cultura em incubatório. Os peixes foram alimentados à mão ad libitum. Nos experimentos de 1 a 4, dietas peletizadas foram preparadas com três a cinco níveis de proteína (tratamentos 27 a 57%), tamanho do crumble, três repetições de tanques de fibra de 100 L. No experimento 5, o efeito de dois níveis de lipídios (8 e 21%) foi avaliado com dieta comercial isoproteica crumble 1 de Salmon Nutra Starter extrusada a 63%, replicada em quatro tanques. Os resultados mostram: uma tendência ao aumento de peso em todos os tamanhos, com um aumento do nível de proteína na dieta peletizada; um crescimento adulto máximo com uma dieta contendo um mínimo de 37% de proteína bruta, com 40% do valor ideal; uma porcentagem maior de proteína na dieta ou crescimento em peso com menor taxa de conversão alimentar. A taxa de conversão alimentar na dieta extrusada chega a 0,5, e na peletizada varia de 0,7 a 1,5. Peixes de 0,6 g alimentados com 63% de proteína e dieta comercial extrusada com dois níveis lipídicos diferentes (8 e 21%; 20,40 e 23,84 MJ kg-1; PE / TE 0,62 e 0,71) aumentaram de peso no primeiro mês em 67 e 105% cada, respectivamente. Foi estabelecido que dietas de alta energia com níveis ótimos de proteínas e lipídios são uma boa solução de curto prazo para obter G. maculatus de peso mais alto.

Meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of compound α-ketoacid tablets combined with low-protein diet in diabetic kidney disease / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of compound α-ketoacid tablets in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD).Methods:CNKI, Wanfang database, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library database were searched for eligible records published from the establishment of individual database to November 13 th, 2022. The quality of the included studies were assessed, data were extracted, and meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan5.3. Results:A total of 26 randomized controlled trials were included, with a total of 2 790 DKD patients (1 465 in the experimental group and 1 325 in the control group). Multiple parameters were significantly improved in the experimental group compared with the control group, including 24-hour urinary protein, blood creatinine, urea nitrogen, nutritional index, oxidative stress level, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, homocysteine, HGF, VEGF, TGF-β1, and systolic blood pressure.Conclusions:Limited low-quality evidence showed that compound α-ketoacid tablets combined with low-protein diet may be related to the improved 24-hour urinary protein, renal function, and glucose metabolism in patients with DKD. Due to the lack of randomized controlled trials designed for respective stages of DKD, the inclusion criteria of our study were relatively general, possibly leading to the lack of pertinence of the results. Some indicators showed apparent heterogeneity among different groups, and more high-quality multi-center studies with large sample sizes are still needed to verify our findings.

A systematic review on the effects of dietary management in chronic kidney disease / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effects of protein restriction, low-sodium diet and alkaline diet on renal outcomes, the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.Methods:Three main databases, Ovid, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library database, were searched for randomized controlled trials about the effects of protein restriction, alkaline diet, low-sodium diet in chronic kidney disease. The primary outcome was renal composite endpoint events, the annual rate of change in eGFR and all-cause mortality. Renal composite endpoint events was defined as >25% or 50% decrease from baseline in eGFR, doubling of serum creatinine, or the development of end-stage renal diseaseas during follow-up.The studies were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for quality using Jadad Scale. Two investigators were chosen to search, extract and evaluate the data independently. Software Stata 16.0 and RevMan 5.4 were used for meta-analysis.Results:A total of 34 studies with 5 589 participants were included. Protein restriction ( RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.96, P < 0.001), alkaline diet ( RR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.98, P < 0.001) and low-sodium diet ( RR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.73, P < 0.01) reduced the risk of renal composite outcomes. Protein restriction ( MD = 1.85, 95% CI: 0.77 to 2.93, P = 0.001), alkaline diet ( MD = 1.45, 95% CI: 0.53 to 2.37, P < 0.001) and low-sodium diet ( MD = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.63, P < 0.001) also decreased the rate of delince in eGFR. But these dietary patterns did not show a clear beneficial effect for all-cause mortality ( RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.73, P = 0.167 for protein restriction, RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.31 to 3.02, P = 0.546 for alkaline diet and RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.40, P = 0.057 for low-sodium diet). Conclusion:The three dietary interventions may decline the rate of renal function exacerbation and decrease the risk of unfavourable renal outcomes in CKD patients, while have no clear beneficial effect on all-cause mortality.

Uso de dieta muy baja en proteínas con keto análogos comparado con dieta baja en proteínas en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica pre diálisis / Very low protein diet supplemented with keto analogues compared to low protein diet in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients

INTRODUCCIÓN Se ha planteado que el uso de dieta muy baja en proteínas suplementado con keto análogos en pacientes enfermos renales crónicos pre diálisis podría enlentecer el avance hacia una enfermedad terminal e inicio de diálisis sin riesgo de desnutrición. Sin embargo, su uso habitual aún no ha sido implementado dada la incertidumbre que existe frente a su efectividad y seguridad. MÉTODOS Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES Identificamos ocho revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 14 estudios primarios, de los cuales, 12 corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluímos que una dieta muy baja en proteínas suplementada con keto análogos disminuye la progresión a enfermedad renal crónica terminal, probablemente disminuye la caída o deterioro de la función renal, podría disminuir mortalidad por cualquier causa y resultar en poca o nula diferencia en riesgo de desnutrición, siendo la certeza de la evidencia baja en estos dos últimos puntos.

INTRODUCTION It has been proposed that a very low protein diet supplemented with keto analogues in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients can slow the progression to a terminal disease and delay the start of renal replacement therapy, without a malnutrition risk. However, its common use has not yet been implemented due to the uncertainty of its efficacy and safety. METHODS We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified eight systematic reviews including 14 studies overall, of which 12 were randomized trials. We concluded that a very low protein diet supplemented with keto analogues delays the progression to end-stage kidney disease, probably reduces the fall or deterioration of renal function, could reduce mortality by any cause y result in little or no difference in malnutrition risk, but the certainty of the evidence is low for these last two results.

Low protein diet combined with α-keto acid improves calcium and phosphorus metabolic disorders and nutritional status in hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effects of low protein diet combined with α-keto acid on calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutritional status in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Method:Randomized controlled Trials were searched in Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases from the establishment of respective database until July 2021, and meta-analysis is conducted using RevMan 5.4.Results:A total of 8 studies including 556 patients were selected. Meta-analysis showed that after receiving low protein diet combined with α-keto acid, patients demonstrated significantly reduced blood phosphorus [MD = -0.17, 95% CI (-0.25, -0.7), P < 0.01], calcium- phosphorus product [MD = -6.17, 95% CI (-6.67, -5.58), P < 0.01] and parathyroid hormone levels [MD = -35.36, 95% CI (-40.89, -29.83), P < 0.01]. There was no significant difference in serum calcium [MD = 0.03, 95% CI (-0.00, 0.07), P = 0.08] and serum albumin [MD = 0.41, 95% CI (-0.12, 0.95), P = 0.13]. Conclusion:Low protein diet combined with α-keto acid can reduce the levels of serum phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product and parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients while the effects on serum calcium and serum albumin are undetermined and need further verification.

Effect of resistance training exercise combined with high protein diet on body weight and muscle mass in underweight adolescent males

@#Introduction: Many underweight males take commercial protein supplements to increase their body weight and build muscle. Nonetheless, commercial protein supplements may cause adverse effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance training exercise combined with a high protein diet on body weight and muscle mass in underweight adolescent males. Methods: A repeated measures design study was conducted on nine males aged 12-15 years with low body weight. Energy and protein requirements were calculated, and energy and protein consumptions were measured for each meal during the high protein diet without exercise (HP) period and the high protein diet with resistance exercise (HPE) period. Subjects engaged in three resistance training sessions each week during HP-E period, for eight weeks. Dietary intake, body composition, blood biochemistry, physical fitness, and self-esteem were assessed. Results: In HP-E period, resistance training exercise combined with a high protein intake (2.14 g/kg/d) increased body weight and lean tissue mass (LTM) by 0.5 kg and 0.5 kg, respectively. Resistance training during HP-E period increased arm, leg, and trunk muscle strength by 20.2%, 7.2%, and 14.5%, respectively, more than high protein diet alone during HP period. High protein intake in HP-E period did not affect blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels (11.0 mg/dL and 0.70 mg/dL, respectively). Conclusion: Eight weeks of resistance training combined with a high protein diet increased body weight and LTM without adverse effects. In particular, resistance exercise predominantly increased muscle strength. Kidney function was not affected by high protein consumption throughout this study.

Factors Associated With Adherence to Low Protein Diet Among Patients With Stage III-V of Chronic Kidney Disease in an Outpatient Clinic at Hospital Pakar Sultanah Fatimah

@#Introduction: Although the benefit of low protein diet (LPD) on chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is well documented, patients’ adherence remains as the main challenge. Therefore, this study sought to identify adherence towards LPD among CKD patients and determine possible associating factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at the Hospital Pakar Sultanah Fatimah in Muar, Johor, among stage III to V CKD patients. Three-day dietary recalls were used to quantify dietary energy (DEI) and protein intake (DPI). Factors investigated include socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, anthropometry and body composition measurements, dietary knowledge, appetite level, handgrip strength, perceived stress, and health locus of control. Associating variables were analysed with logistic regression analysis. Results: The final analysis included 113 patients (54% male) with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 17.5±11.2mL/min/1.73m2 and the average age of 56.3±12.8 years. Mean DEI and DPI were 22.4±5.9kcal/kg/day and 0.83±0.28g/kg/day, respectively. Only 34.5% of patients adhere to the LPD diet with 59% exceeding the DPI recommendation. Poorer LPD adherence was associated with longer duration of hospitalization (OR 0.707, 95%CI 0.50-1.00, p=0.048), higher energy intake (OR 0.744, 95%CI 0.65-0.85, p<0.001), advance CKD stage (OR 0.318, 95%CI 0.13-0.77, p=0.012) and having better dietary knowledge (OR 0.380, 95%CI 0.170.85, p=0.018). Conclusion: LPD adherence of CKD patients in our institution is very poor signifying the need for engagement at the earlier stage of CKD to identify and stratify the patients for a targeted dietary intervention.

The Effect of a Low Protein Diet on the Expression of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β in the Kidney Tissue of Mice Model

@#Introduction: High prevalence of malnutrition has impact that often causes problems in body organs. Various reports suggest an association between malnutrition and chronic kidney failure. However, the effect of malnutrition on the immunological status of the kidney has not been identified. Objective: to identify the effect malnutrition on the immunological status of the kidney. Methods: It was an experimental study with post test only control group design to compare two dietaries intake in two mice groups. Group 1, mice were given with standard intake. Group 2, mice were fed with low protein diet. The variables analyzed were the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β in kidney tissue by immunohistochemistry and comparative test using Mann-Whitney test. Results: Eleven dead mice were found in the low protein diet group until day 75. At the end of observation, the number of mice in control group remained 10, while, in malnutrition group, there were 9 mice which were still alive but in a state of malnutrition. Based on comparative test between the group receiving and not receiving low protein diet, it was found that the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β in kidney tissue showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: Low protein diet in malnutrition affects the immunological status of the kidney as marked by the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the kidney tissue of mice model.

Comparison of rat models of intrauterine growth retardation established by three different methods / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is characterized by low birth weight of neonates. The aim of this study was to provide a reference for the establishment of IUGR models in scientific research, by comparing the experimental data of different rat models of IUGR established by three commonly-used methods. Methods A total of 20 pregnant rats on the day 0 of gestation were divided into 4 groups, with 5 rats in each group (n=5). Among them, 3 groups of rats were treated with alcohol intervention (group A), uterine artery ligation (group U), and low protein diet (LP group), respectively, to establish rat models of IUGR, and the fourth group served as the normal control group (CON group). Fetal rats were taken through cesarean section on the 20th day of gestation. The body mass, brain mass, placental mass, two-kidney mass, body length and tail length of the fetal rats were measured, and the incidence rate of IUGR, stillbirth rate and their brain to placenta ratio were calculated. The fetal rats in each group were continuously raised and the body mass, perirenal fat pad mass and some organ masses were determined at the 3rd, 6th and 12th weeks. Results The average body mass of the fetal rats in the groups A, U and LP group was significantly lower than that of the normal control group (P＜ 0. 05), and the incidence rate of IUGR of the fetal rats was significantly higher than that of the normal control group (P＜ 0. 05). In addition, the stillbirth rate of pregnant rats in the group U was significantly higher than those of the group A and LP group (P ＜ 0. 05). After raising the rats for 3 weeks, the average body mass of rats in the three experimental groups was significantly lower than that of the normal control group (P ＜ 0. 05), and after raising for 6 weeks, the average body mass in the three experimental groups was still lower than that of the normal control group, but with a non-significant difference (P＞ 0. 05). However, after raising for 12 weeks, the average body mass of the rats in the group A and LP group was significantly higher than that of the normal control group (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusions Rat models of IUGR can be successfully established either by alcohol intervention, uterine artery ligation or low protein diet. The IUGR model established by low protein diet has the advantages of a higher incidence rate of IUGR and lower stillbirth rate, being more suitable for animal model research. As regards the catch-up growth, the average body mass of the rats during the postpartum period and lactation period after delivered by cesarean section in the group A and LP group is lower than that of the normal control group, but after lactation the rats grow faster than those in the normal control group, indicating the existence of a catch-up growth in the group A and LP group.

Moderate physical training counterbalances harmful effects of low-protein diet on heart: metabolic, oxidative and morphological parameters

Aims: Maternal low-protein diet induces several impairments on cardiac system. Conversely, moderate exercise has been widely recommended to health improvement due to its effects on heart function. Thus, we investigated whether the moderate physical training is capable to offset the lasting injuries of a maternal protein restriction on the hearts of male adult rats. Methods: Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: Control (C=17% casein) and undernutrition (U=8% casein). Offspring from the undernutrition group, at 60 days of life, were subdivided into undernutrition (U) and undernutrition+exercise (UT) groups. Treadmill exercise was performed: (8 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day at 70% of VO2máx). 48 hours after last exercise session, tissues were collected for morphological and biochemical analysis. Results Despite the deleterious effect induced by low-protein diet, physical training was able to restore morphological parameters to similar levels to the control group. Additionally, oxidative stress index was also improved in UT group, due to the increase in antioxidant enzymatic defense. In metabolic enzymes, maternal low-protein diet induced a change in metabolism, and moderate physical training improved oxidative metabolism. Conclusion: We demonstrated that moderate physical training can offset the cardiac metabolism in adult rats that were exposed to a maternal low-protein diet.(AU)

Effects of a-keto acid combined with low protein diet on oxidative stress and electrolyte level in diabetic nephropathy / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the effects of α-keto acid combined with low protein diet on oxidative stress and electrolyte levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Methods Ninety-eight cases with type 2 diabetic nephropathy were randomLy divided into the treatment group(low-protein diet with α-keto acid 1 tablet,n=58) and the control group(normal protein intake,n=40). The 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate,glomerular filtra-tion rate ,serum oxidative stress (SOD ,MDA ,AOPPs) and electrolyte levels were measured before and after treatment. Results After 24 weeks of treatment,the 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate of DN patients in the treatment group was significantly lower than that before treatment and the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the glomerular filtration rate of the patients. Compared with the control group , the serum SOD activity of DN patients was significantly increased and the levels of MDA and AOPPs were decreased(P < 0.05)after 24 weeks of treatment. Simultaneously,the levels of serum potassium and phosphorus in the treatment group was decreased ,while the levels of calcium and magnesium were improved (P < 0.05). Conclusion α-keto acid combined with low protein diet can significantly reduce the urinary albumin excretion rate,improve the body′s antioxidant activity,and maintain serum electrolytes balance.

A low-protein diet during pregnancy prevents modifications in intercellular communication proteins in rat islets

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Effect of α-keto acid combined with low protein diet on kidney function, calcium-phosphorus metabolism and adenosine deaminase activity in malnourished patients with long term peritoneal dialysis / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of α-keto acid combined with low protein diet on kidney function, calcium-phosphorus metabolism and adenosine deaminase activity in malnourished patients with long term peritoneal dialysis.Methods Forty-six cases malnourished patients with long term peritoneal dialysis were selected from May 2013 to August 2014 in the hospital and divided into two groups.The control group (n=23) were treated by conventional therapy, acceptable daily intake of protein 1.2 g/(kg? d).The experiment group (n=23) were treated by α-keto acid combined with low protein diet, acceptable daily intake of protein 0.8 g/(kg? d).Two groups were treated for three months.Serum calcium, phosphorus, nutritional status assessment, adenosine deaminase activity and renal function were observed and compared after treatment.ResuIts After twelve months ’ treatment, compared with control group, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid of experiment group were lower ( P0.05).ConcIusion α-keto acid combined with low protein diet could effectively increase serum calcium level, reduce serum phosphorus level, ADA activity and WBC count, and improve nutritional status in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients, which has important significance.

Effects of protein-enriched meal on triglyceride, uric acid and renal function among overweight and obese adults / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of protein-enriched meal on uric acid and renal function among overweight and obese Chinese adults during weight loss. Methods People, 18-55 yearsold, with body mass index 25-35 kg/m2 and triglycerides 1.7-5.4 mmol/L were enrolled. Major exclusion criteria were: type 2 diabetes, weight reducing surgery or use of weight loss drugs, chronic kidney disease, and hepatic dysfunction. A high-protein (HP) diet (protein energy ratio was 30%) or a standard-protein (SP) diet (protein energy ratio was 15%) was provided to eligible subjects for 12 weeks (84 days). Energy intake was calculated by Katch-McArdle formula:basal metabolic rate=370+21.6 × lean body mass (kg) and coefficient of variation. All the subjects were followed up at day 0,week 4,week 8,and week12. The changes of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterin (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), uric acid (UA), blood urine nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) were determined at day 0, week 4, and week 12. Results Ninety-four subjects with HP (n=49) or SP (n=45) were enrolled, and seven subjects were withdrawn for refusing the following visit. The average age was (42.68±8.98) years in HP group, and (41.09±9.67) years in SP group (P>0.05). At week 12, the BMI drop was significant in both groups from baseline, but with no significant difference between the two groups. The decreases of TG (mmol/L) at 4 weeks and 12 weeks were significant compared with the baseline (0 d, 4weeks, 12 weeks:HP:2.18±1.18, 1.77±0.82, 1.86±0.83;SP:2.60±2.67, 2.03±1.28, 1.92±0.79) (P<0.05),but with no significant difference between the two groups. Compared with the baseline, the decrease of UA (mmol/L) at 4 weeks in HP group was significant (0 d, 4 weeks, 12 weeks:HP:326.12± 88.31, 294.76 ± 106.57,307.15 ± 94.70;SP:325.62 ± 87.16,321.51 ± 101.19,315.71 ± 86.77) (P<0.05). The BUN and CRE in both groups increased slightly compared to baseline level, but remained in the normal range. Conclusion Comparison of HP and SP groups showed that renal function did not change significantly, the levels of UA in HP group decreased significantly than that in SP group.

The influence of continuous quality improvement on nutritional status and renal function and low protein diet adherence in patients with chronic kidney disease / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective To explore the effects of the continuous quality improvement ( CQI) on recovery and health of patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD) .Methods The clinical data of 485 cases with CKD undergoing standard treatment from Jan .30th, 2012 to Dec.30th, 2012 in Shaoxing People's Hospital were retro-spectively analyzed .A professional team introduced four-step intervention of continuous quality change .The nu-tritional status, renal function changes , and patients'cognition and compliance with low protein diet before and af-ter treatment were compared .Results The nutritional status of patients significantly improved after the treat-ment.The patients with score ≥23 points increased 58.14%.After CQI intervention , urinary albumin/creati-nine (mg/g) was calculated and it was 82.17 before treatment and 64.23 after treatment.The difference had sta-tistical significance (t=11.321,P＜0.05).After the treatment, 82.06% patients understood low-protein diet concept .The treatment was implemented well and the overall data improved significantly .Conclusions CQI has beneficial effects on immunity and renal function recovery of patients with CKD .It can significantly improve the patients'nutritional status , and their cognition of low protein diet .

Change of dietary intake before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To explore the change of dietary intake and nutritional status before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients to assess the importance of nutritional interventions.Methods In this observational cohort study,65 children undergoing HSCT between January 2012 and November 2012 in the Department of Hematology and Oncology,Shanghai Children's Medical Center were enrolled.The data collected before preconditioning were considered as the baseline data.We also collected data twice a week between preconditioning and 30 days after HSCT,and once a week from 30 days to 100 days after HSCT.Dietary analysis and urea nitrogen analysis were conducted in parallel.Results The baseline level of energy intake was (5 844.9 ±2 490.4) kJ/d,protein intake was (56.4 ±28.6) g/d,fat intake was (49.7 ±38.9) g/d,and carbohydrate intake was (190.9 ± 91.1) g/d.With the hematopoietic reconstruction,the oral nutrients intake significantly decreased compared with the baseline levels (all P =0.000).During the recovery period after HSCT,the energy intake showed no significant difference when compared with the baseline level in the 6th postoperative week,protein in the 13th week,carbohydrate in the 4th week,and fat in the 6th week.The urine nitrogen was (3.9 ± 2.4) g/d before HSCT,which increased to (16.7 ± 11.0) g/d after preconditioning (P=0.000).In the 1st postoperative week,the weight (P =0.000),triceps skin fold thickness (P =0.003),mid-upper arm circumference (P =0.000),serum albumin (P =0.000) and prealbumin (P =0.000) of the patients all significantly decreased compared with the baseline levels.In the 9th postoperative week,the fat-free body weight percentage (P =0.010),muscle percentage (P =0.001) and protein percentage (P =0.000) were significantly lower than the baseline levels,while the body fat percentage was higher than the baseline level (P =0.002).Conclusions Children undergoing HSCT exhibit a marked reduction in nutrient intakes at the early stage of HSCT,which may gradually return normal during the recovery period.This process may be slow,especially for the protein,and therefore may affect the serum protein level in these pediatric patients.Thus,more careful nutrition guidance is necessary during HSCT for pediatric patients,emphasizing oral nutrients intakes,and high protein dietary or formula may be helpful.

Protein intake and the use of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease / Ingesta de proteínas y el uso de la levodopa en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson

Levodopa is the principal pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); however the protein content in diet may compromise its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of protein intake and the use of levodopa in ambulatory patients with PD. Thirty four PD patients were assessed for protein intake, evaluating the relation energy-protein intake by means of a register. An intake of 1762 kcal/day, 70.9 g of protein/day equivalent to 16.6% of the total energy intake as protein at a level of 1.1 g/kg bw/day. Of all patients, 47.1% took their medications with meals. We conclude that the studied patients consume more protein in their diet than those recommended for PD, with half the sample taking the medications with meals, which may affect the treatment.

La levodopa es el principal tratamiento farmacológico para la enfermedad de Parkinson, sin embargo, la proteína de la dieta puede comprometer su eficacia. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la ingesta de proteínas y el uso de la levodopa en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson tratados en régimen ambulatorio, 34 pacientes fueron evaluados. Evaluación de la ingesta de alimentos por los registros, tomas de 1762 kcal/día, 70.9 g/día, el 16,6% del total de energía y 1.1 g/kg/dia de energía y proteína, respectivamente, y que la ingesta de proteínas durante el día era 70,4% del total de proteínas diario. Todos los pacientes estaban tomando levodopa y 47,1% consumían sus medicamentos con las comidas. Se concluyó que, según las recomendaciones para la enfermedad de Parkinson, los pacientes estudiados consumían una dieta rica en proteínas y con una mayor concentración de este nutriente durante el día. Aproximadamente la mitad de la muestra ingiere los medicamentos con la comida, costumbre que puede afectar el tratamiento farmacológico de la enfermedad.

Skeletal muscle wasting in diabetic kidney disease rats and the effect of low-protein diet combined with a-keto acids / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To observe the muscle wasting in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) model of type 2 and non-obese diabetes mellitus in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats,and to evaluate the effect of lowprotein diet supplemented with α-keto acids on muscle wasting.Methods Forty-five male 24-weekage GK rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal protein diet group (22％ casein diet,NPD),low protein diet group (6％ casein diet,LPD) and LPD + α-keto group (5％ casein + 1％ α-keto,Keto).Fifteen gender-and age-matched Wistar rats were served as the control group (CTL).The living condition of GK rats was observed and body weight was measured once a week.Urine albumin,serum glucose,lipids,albumin,creatinine and urea nitrogen were measured at the age of 24,32,40,48 weeks.Soleus muscle at the age of 48-week was observed to calculate the muscle size with software.Expressions of atrogin-1,MuRF-1 and MyoD,myogenin were examined by Q-PCR and Western blotting.Results Compared with the CTL group,NPD,LPD,Keto groups had lower body weight [(317.90± 13.81),(330.38±11.96),(390.44±12.25) g vs (429.43± 16.85) g,all P ＜ 0.05],higher urine albumin [(14.36±5.52),(8.12±4.61),(5.58±3.50) mg/24 h vs (0.61±0.16) mg/24 h,all P ＜ 0.05],higher serum creatinine [(81.50±7.88),(66.32±8.36),(63.44±8.21) μmol/L vs (24.43±6.15) μmol/L,all P ＜0.05] and urea nitrogen [(7.53±1.05),(5.63±1.40),(5.54±0.97) mmol/L vs (2.98±0.62) mmol/L,all P ＜0.05].The cross-sectional area of soleus muscle fibers was larger in CTL group.Compared with CTL group,the expression levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 increased significantly (all P ＜ 0.05),and of MyoD and myogenin decreased significantly in NPD,LPD,Keto groups (all P ＜ 0.05).In Keto group after 40 weeks,muscle wasting was improved compared with NPD and LPD group [body weight (381.62± 15.82) g vs (331.50±17.58),(326.60± 13.43) g,all P ＜ 0.05],cross-sectional area of soleus muscle increased,levels of urine albumin,serum creatinine and urea nitrogen decreased (all P ＜ 0.05),the protein expressions of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 decreased,and myogenin and MyoD were higher as compared to CTL group (all P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences between NPD and LPD group.Conclusions In DKD condition,protein degradation in the skeletal muscle is accelerated,the genes which control muscle atrophy are activated,and proliferation and differentiation of the muscle satellite cells are impaired.Low-protein diet supplemented with α-keto acids can improve muscle wasting induced by DKD.